The intrusion of saltwater caused by withdrawals of freshwater from the groundwater system can make the resource unsuitable for use. Saltwater intrusion occurs by many ways, including lateral encroachment from coastal waters and vertical movement of saltwater near discharging wells. Saltwater intrusion decreases freshwater storage in the aquifers, and, in extreme cases, can result in the abandonment of wells. Groundwater pumping can reduce freshwater flow toward coastal areas and cause saltwater to be drawn toward the freshwater zones of the aquifer. This zone is referred to as the zone of dispersion or the zone of transition. The interface actually is a diffuse zone where freshwater and saltwater mix. ![]() This interface between freshwater and saltwater is maintained near the coast or far below the land surface. Under natural conditions, the seaward movement of freshwater prevents saltwater from encroaching on freshwater coastal aquifers.
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